Bibliography

Our bibliography is also available in Columbus Public Library's Genealogy and Local History Room in a vertical file. Please stop by if you would like to view physical copies of our resources! Staff can also make recommendations for further reading on local history. Resources found in the Columbus Public Library Genealogy Room are not available for check out. 

  • Blind Tom Wiggins Playing "Something that the Birds and Wind Told Him". Columbus Public Library Vertical Files. Tom Wiggins.
  • Bowers, W. T., Hammond, W. M., MacGarrigle, G. L. (1996). Black soldier, white army: The 24th infantry regiment in Korea. United States Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-65/CMH_Pub_70-65.pdf
  • Brandman, M. (n.d.). Gertrude "Ma" Rainey. Women's History. National Women's History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/gertrude-ma-rainey
  • Chitwood, T. (2021, February 1). He risked it all to fight for the rights of Columbus' Black voters. Meet Primus King. Columbus Ledger-Enquirer (Columbus, Ga.). https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/1805FED6C8EBCC58 
  • The Columbus Area Bicentennial Committee. (1976). Historic Preservation in Columbus, Georgia: An official publication of the Columbus Area Bicentennial Committee.
  • The Columbus Museum. (n.d.). The Claflin School, Columbus, Georgia. The Columbus Museum. https://columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/2E6E5E77-E421-4D5D-9517-333075041430
  • Corporal Eugene J. Bullard. [Photograph]. (n.d.). Hill Air Force Base. https://www.hill.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000594883/
    • Used on pages: Timeline on Home Page
    • Description: Photo of Eugene J. Bullard hosted by the Hill Air Force Base.
       
  • Delano, J. (1941, May). Main street of Columbus, Georgia [Photograph]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017794715/. 
  • Elliott, C.  (2017, April 10). 11. Dr. Thomas Brewer's office. Columbus State University Archives. https://digitalarchives.columbusstate.edu/11-dr-thomas-brewers-office.
  • Elliott, R. F., Vegotsky, A., Pavao-Zuckerman, B., Cummings, L. S., Puseman, K., & Cowie, S. (2005). Living in Columbus, Georgia 1828-1869: The lives of creeks, traders, enslaved African Americans, Mill operatives and others as told to archaeologists. City of Columbus, Georgia Department of Community and Economic Development.
  • First African Baptist. (n.d.). First African Baptist Church Columbus, Georgia 1840-1990. Columbus Public Library Vertical Files.
  • Fort Benning, Georgia Home of the Infantry. (1968). Chattahoochee Valley Regional Library System Collection. http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/chattahoochee/do:cvl157
  •  Friendship Baptist Church Columbus, Ga. (n.d.). Our History, Mission, Vision and What We Believe. https://www.friendshipbchurch.org/about/
  • Gaines, W. & Staubitz, K. (2021). First African Baptist Church [Photograph]. First African Baptist Church; Columbus Public Library Vertical Files.
  • Gaines, W. & Staubitz, K. (2021). Prince hall masonic lodge, Columbus, Georgia [Photograph]. Prince Hall Masonic Lodge, Columbus, Georgia; Columbus Public Library Vertical Files.
  • Gamma Tau Omega, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Letter of Support for Mildred L. Terry for the Georgia Woman of Achievement Award. Date unknown. Columbus Public Library Vertical Files.
  • Georgia Civil Rights Cold Cases. (n.d.). Thomas H. Brewer. Emory University
     https://coldcases.emory.edu/thomas-h-brewer/. 
  • Gibbons, F. (2002). Horace King: Bridges to freedom. Crane Hill Publishers.
  • Gibson, J. (May 31, 2020). Peaceful Protest Held on Broadway in Downtown Columbus. WTVM. https://www.wtvm.com/2020/05/31/peaceful-protest-held-broadway-downtown-columbus/
  • Gierer, Larry. (1999, February 27). Woman opens doors for church project. Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, pp. F-1.
  • Girard Colored Mission [Data set]. (1980, September 29). Georgia, Muscogee. Georgia Architectural and Historic Properties Survey-Inventory Form. 1980. Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia: Lower Chattahoochee APDC. Historic Columbus Foundation. St. James (African Methodist Episcopal) Church. https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/16ef7040-1575-4686-b2da-08c1657a0016
  • Golosinski, M. (2017, June 9). Architecture Reveals Rich Social History of People, Places. Northwestern. https://www.research.northwestern.edu/architecture-reveals-rich-social-history-of-people-places/
    • Used on pages: Built by Enslaved Peoples
    • Description: Article written as part of a blog featuring Jesus Escobar, Art History professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. 
  • Grant, J. (1999, November 22). Black America series: Columbus, Georgia. Arcadia Publishing.
  • Great Temple & Lesser Temple Mounds. [Photograph]. National Park Service. www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery-item.htm?pg=6831126&id=A604FFD6-1DD8-B71C-07785524560E5751&gid=A1B42347-1DD8-B71C-0736A9BED8D74E6F. 
  • Historic Columbus. (2021, February 11). Early African American Education in Columbus and William H. Spencer.  https://www.historiccolumbus.com/post/early-african-american-education-in-columbus-and-william-h-spencer
  • Historic Columbus. (2021, March 11). Charlotte Frazier: Champion for the preservation of African American resources in Columbus. https://www.historiccolumbus.com/post/charlotte-frazier-champion-for-the-preservation-of-african-american-resources-in-columbus
  • Historic Columbus. (2021, March 18). Elizabeth Mae "Lizzie Mae" Lunsford: A quiet force.  https://www.historiccolumbus.com/post/elizabeth-mae-lizzie-mae-lunsford-a-quiet-force
  • Historical Overview of The Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe. (n.d.). Historical overview of the Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe. http://lowermuskogeetribe.com/historicaloverview.html
  • History Southeast. (n.d.) Battle of Columbus (Girard). https://historysoutheast.com/columbus1865
  • Homann, J. B. (1759). Virginia, Marylandia et Carolina in America septentrionali Britannorum. [Map]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/73691852/
  • Hooks, B. (1996). Last Land Battle in War of 1861-1865 historical marker. [Photograph]. Digital Library of Georgia. https://dlg-staging.galib.uga.edu/record/dlg_ghm_last-land-battle-in-war-of-1861-1865
  • Howard, S. (2015, December 4). Reader Seeks Info on Slave Depot in Columbus, GA. Auction Finds  https://myauctionfinds.com/2015/12/04/reader-seeks-info-on-slave-depot-in-columbus-ga/
  • Hyatt, R. (2017). Return to the water: The story of the First Baptist Church Columbus, Georgia. Nurturing Faith Inc.
  • Ignatius, A., & Jones, J. (2014). Small Reservoir Distribution, rate of construction, and uses in the upper and Middle Chattahoochee basins of the Georgia Piedmont, USA, 1950-2010. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 3(2), 460-480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3020460
  • Iron Bank Coffee Company. (n.d.). Iron Bank: A history as rich as our coffee.  https://ironbankcoffee.com/iron-bank-coffee-history/
  • James-Johnson, A. (2017, July 13). Memories of bustling black enclave inspire vision for Liberty District’s future. Ledger-Enquirer (Columbus, GA). https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/1659F57EB4EC1498.
  • Lassiter, John R. “Muscogiana Vol. 4 Summer Numbers 1 & 2.” Full Text of "Muscogiana 4(1&2) Summer", THE MUSCOGEE GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, 1993, https://archive.org/stream/Muscogiana412CSU/Muscogiana412CSU_djvu.txt.
  • The Liberty Theatre Cultural Center, Inc. (n.d.). About - The liberty theatre cultural center, inc. https://www.libertycolumbusga.org/abouttheliberty
    • Used on pages: Timeline on Home Page
    • Description: Informational page about the history of the Liberty Theatre on their website.
       
  • Lloyd, C. (2020, August 12). Primus E. King. New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Aug 12, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/primus-e-king-1900-1986/
  • Lloyd, C. (2020, August 5). Thomas Brewer. New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 8, 2021, from: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/thomas-brewer-1894-1956/
  • The Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe. (n.d.). Historical Overview of The Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe.  http://lowermuskogeetribe.com/historicaloverview.html
  • Lupold, J. S. & French, T. L., Jr. (2004, August 31). Bridging Deep South Rivers: The life and legend of Horace King. The University of Georgia Press.
  • Mahan, K. H., Woodall, W. C., & Nilan, L. W. (1977). A history of public schools in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia : a social history of education in Muscogee County, 1828-1976. Muscogee County Board of Education.
  • McGinnis, C. (1993). Hatcher and McGehee negro book. Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society, 4 (1&2), 8-16.  https://archive.org/stream/Muscogiana412CSU/Muscogiana412CSU_djvu.txt.
  • Mills, A. (2016, September 2). A lynching kept out of sight. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2016/09/02/the-story-of-the-only-known-lynching-on-a-u-s-military-base/
  • Misulia, C. A. (2010). Columbus, Georgia, 1865: The last true battle of the Civil War. University of Alabama Press.
  • Murphy, E. D. (1993). Columbus- Spanish or Indian? An Essay. Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society, 4 (1&2), 1-7. https://archive.org/stream/Muscogiana412CSU/Muscogiana412CSU_djvu.txt
  • The Muscogee Nation. (2016). Muscogee (Creek) nation history. https://www.muscogeenation.com/culturehistory/.
    • Used on pages: Colonization
    • Description: Information on the culture and history of The Muscogee Nation hosted on their website
       
  • Original Renaming Ceremony. Vertical Files. Chattahoochee Valley Libraries. Columbus Public Library. 1981.
  • Peebles, V. T., & Barker, E. K. (2016) This Place Matters: Columbus, Georgia. Historic Columbus.
  • Perkerson, M. F. (1952). White columns in Georgia. Rinehart.
  • [Photograph of construction, Fort Benning, Muscogee (Chattahoochee) County, Georgia, 1933 May 31]. (1933, May 31). Digital Library of Georgia. http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/vang/do:mus020
  • [Photograph of Primus E. King]. (n.d.). New Georgia Encyclopedia. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/primus-e-king-1900-1986/m-6607/.
  • Pisano, D., & Scholars, E. (2010, October 12). Eugene J. Bullard. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/eugene-j-bullard
  • Plan of fortifications at Columbus, Ga. [Map]. (1864). Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2006459214/.
    • Used on pages: Timeline on Home Page
    • Description: 1864 Map of fortifications around Columbus, Georgia during the Civil War.
       
  • Poole, S. (2020, November 4). Triple nickles: All-black paratrooper battalion broke barriers. The Atlanta Journal Constitution . https://www.ajc.com/news/triple-nickles-all-black-paratrooper-battalion-broke-barriers/X3SCADB5TJHGHGBE2WMINIB45Q/.
  • Portrait of Lieutenant Stevens. Columbus Public Library Vertical Files.
  • Pvt. Felix Hall Historic Marker Unveiling Ceremony. [Photograph]. Digital Archive of Fort Benning and the Maneuver Center of Excellence.(2021, August 3).  https://fortbenning.smugmug.com/Ceremonies-and-Events/Historic-or-Significant-Events/2021-08-03-Pvt-Felix-Hall-Historic-Marker-Unveiling-Ceremony/i-gX9ptjb
  • The Pulitzer Prizes. (n.d.).1926 Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1926
  • Queen, J. (2020, February 28). The Triple Nickles: A 75-year legacy. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/triple-nickles-75-year-legacy
  • Rutland, A. (2017, September 21) Ocmulgee National Monument working towards expansion. The Muscogee Nation.  https://www.muscogeenation.com/ocmulgee-national-monument-working-toward-expansion/
    • Used on pages: Colonization
    • Description: An overview of the history and culture of the Muscogee Nation from their website.
  • Sledge, K. (1978, April 16). 'Center' is city's fourth courthouse. Columbus Ledger-Enquirer S-22.
  • Springer Opera House, 105 Tenth Street, Columbus, Muscogee County, GA. [Photograph]. (1933). Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/ga0425/.
  • Surmeier, A. (2021, August 3). Fort Benning Honors Pvt. Felix Hall with historical marker. U.S. Army. https://www.army.mil/article/249077/fort_benning_honors_pvt_felix_hall_with_historical_marker
  • Traylor, A. (2016, May 6). Jim Crow in the City: Spatial Segregation in Columbus, Georgia, 1890-1944.[Master's Thesis, Auburn University]. AUETD. https://etd.auburn.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10415/5193/Jim%20Crow%20in%20the%20City.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y 
  • Unknown. A Plan to Desegregate the Schools of the Muscogee County School District, Georgia. Muscogee County School District, 1963. Columbus Public Library Vertical Files.
  • U.S. Army Fort Benning and The Maneuver Center of Excellence. (2021). Fort Benning Historic Trail. Retrieved by November, 8, 2021. https://www.benning.army.mil/MCoE/HistoricTrail/43_CWO_Robert_B._Tresville_Hall_(Bldg_285).html
  • United States Department of the Air Force & Department of Defense. (1945, September 26). Photograph - Operation Fire Fly. [Photograph]. National Archives Catalog. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/148728170
  • Williams, C. (2019, January 3). Lieutenant Stevens, a Columbus Institution, passes away at 87. WRBL. https://www.wrbl.com/news/local-news/lieutenant-stevens-a-columbus-institution-passes-away-at-87/
  • Young, M. (1961, January 1). Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi; 1830-1860. University of Oklahoma Press.